Pakistan Armed Forces English Grammar Book

Naming words or Noun is the name of person, place, thing, idea or state.

For example:

Person: Aslam, Akram, Anjum, Hamid, Khurram, Sohail etc.
Place: Lahore, Peshawar, Kohat, Karachi, Abbottabad, Chakwal etc.
Thing: Pencil, Chair, Aeroplane, Computer, Chair, Pen etc.
Idea: Poverty, Youth, Childhood, Richness etc.
State: Holiness, Greatness, Poor, Rich

🧩 KINDS OF NOUNS

📌 Abstract Noun

Intangible object that cannot be seen and show quality, state or action such as:
Happiness, oldness, darkness, honesty, bravery, sleep, cruelty, love, hate, sorrow etc.

📌 Material Noun

Physical object that can be seen and touched. Names things or substances which can form other substances:
Iron, silk, cotton, milk, rice, gold etc.

📌 Common Noun

A common noun is the name shared by all members of a group or thing; general types of person, place, and things.
Examples:
Road, Country, Masjid, Tower, River, Mountain, Town, City, Village, Chair, Table, Gun, Pencil, Computer, House, Girl, Boy, Man, Opinion, Thinking, Asleep, Boyhood etc.

📌 Proper Noun

Proper nouns are the names given to one particular member of the group to distinguish it from the rest.

Person: Arshad, Kamran, Ali, Anjum, Hamid etc.
Place: Karachi, Lahore, London, Paris, Kohat, Islamabad, Pakistan etc.
Thing: The Holy Quran, Bible, K2 etc.

Note: Proper nouns are always capitalised (First alphabet of proper noun always be capital)

📌 Countable Noun

Noun that can be counted.
Examples: Copies, Pencils, Boys, Girls, Apples etc.

📌 Uncountable Noun

Noun that cannot be counted.
Examples: Bread, Milk, Water, Sand, Rice, Oil

📌 Collective Noun

Collective nouns denote a group or collection of things.
Examples: Flock, Class, Section, Team, Army etc.

📌 Gerund or Verbal Noun

The present participle “-ing” form of the verb is known as gerund or verbal noun.
Examples: Smoking, Teaching, Talking, Singing, Walking etc.

🚻 NOUNS AND GENDER

Nouns can also be classified on the basis of gender. Gender of a noun or pronoun means its sex.

We classify nouns into four categories:
Masculine, Feminine, Common, Neuter

Masculine Gender: Used for males.
Examples: Boy, Father, Uncle, Lion
Feminine Gender: Used for females.
Examples: Girl, Mother, Aunt, Lioness
Common Gender: Used for either male or female.
Examples: Baby, Relative, Cousin
Neuter Gender: Used for lifeless things.
Examples: House, Uniform, Stone, Pen

🔁 NOUNS: SINGULAR & PLURAL

Classification of nouns can also be made on the basis of number (Singular and Plural).
We use the singular form by adding S or ES

📍 Examples of Regular Plural:

Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Boy	Boys	Bus	Buses
Chair	Chairs	Class	Classes
Cup	Cups	Brush	Brushes
Eye	Eyes	Box	Boxes
Pencil	Pencils	Lunch	Lunches

📍 Y to IES Rule

If there is a consonant before “y”, change “y” into ies.
Examples:
Sky → Skies
Lady → Ladies
Baby → Babies

If there is a vowel before “y”, just add s.
Examples:
Boy → Boys
Bay → Bays
Toy → Toys

📍 F/FE to VES Rule

Calf → Calves
Life → Lives
Loaf → Loaves

Some just take S:

Roof → Roofs
Chief → Chiefs
Cliff → Cliffs

📍 O to ES or S

Most ending in O take S:

Radio → Radios
Ratio → Ratios

Some take ES:

Potato → Potatoes
Echo → Echoes

📍 Irregular Plurals

Man → Men
Woman → Women
Foot → Feet
Tooth → Teeth
Mouse → Mice
Goose → Geese
Child → Children
Ox → Oxen
Radius → Radii

📝 ACTIVITY

Mark the following nouns into their kinds:

Pakistan, Love, Faisal Mosque, Iqbal, Sorrow, Rice, Life, Class, Team, Ravi, Dozen, Army, Childhood, Ali, Singing, Laughter, Kohat, Thinking, Cotton, Sadness, Smoking

Change Singular to Plural and Plural to Singular

Girl
Woman
Fly
Man
Calf
Chief
Potato
Teeth
Goose
Feet
Children
Fish
News

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form

Word	Plural
Fish	Fish
Deer	Deer
News	News
Sheep	Sheep
Trousers	Trousers
Scissors	Scissors
People	People
Clothes	Clothes

Pronoun is the word used instead of a noun.

📌 Personal Pronouns

Denote the character of dialogue:
I, We, You, He, She, It and They

Examples:

I write an English.
We are Friends
You have a shirt
He is my brother
She is my sister
They are good players

1st Person: “I, We” — stand for person speaking
2nd Person: “You” — stands for person spoken to
3rd Person: “He, She, It, They, Name” — stand for person spoken of

📌 Forms of Pronoun

Subjective	Possessive	Objective
I	My/Mine	Me
We	Our	Us
You	Your	You
He	His	Him
She	Her	Her
They	Their	Them

📌 Indefinite Pronouns

These stand in place of undefined persons:
Someone, Anyone, Anybody, Nobody, Anything, Everybody

📌 Reflexive Pronouns

These reflect back on the noun or pronoun:
Myself, Ourselves, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Yourselves, Themselves

Examples:

I made breakfast for myself.
She dressed herself for the party.
He should do it himself.

📌 Demonstrative Pronouns

These pronouns point out the persons or things referred to.
This, That, These, Those, Such, Same etc.

Examples:

This is a book.
That is a pen.
These are books.

📌 Relative Pronouns

These pronouns relate one part of a sentence to another:
Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What

Examples:

I don’t like the man whom you like.
He is the boy who got first prize.
This is the pen which I was looking for.
This is the person whose car is black.
He lived long after what happened in 2000.

📌 Note:

Who, Whom → used for persons
Whose → for both persons and things
Which → used for things

📌 Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns ask questions:
Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What

Examples:

Who has got the 2nd prize?
What is time by your watch?
Who was at the road?
Which is your book?
Whom will you tell?

📝 ACTIVITY: Read and Mark the Pronouns

Passage:
Ali was our class senior. He belonged to a respectable Kahoot family which is sub-cost of Qurush (most of Kahout live in Chakwal. They all are brave). He remained outstanding throughout his study. There wasn’t anybody who could compete with him in education and game. When he applied for job, I myself was sure that he would get it. I can still remember the day when he got the job through public service commission. He visited me and joyfully said, “Well, this is the day for which I was eagerly waiting.” He got his place. He was such a friend whom I could never, ever forget. Anyone never says anything negative about him. He himself helped the poor and needy people.

Adjective is a word that qualifies noun, pronoun or another adjective, adds to its meaning.

📌 Examples in Sentences

He is an intelligent boy
That man is my uncle
There is little time for preparation
They are good players
I need painted house
He bought a red car
This is better than that

The above-discussed sentences bolded words are adjectives adding to the meaning of nouns or pronouns.

📚 Types of Adjectives

1. Descriptive or Adjectives of Quality

These show the kind or quality of persons or things.
Examples: He has a fast car, He is a good boy, He is an honest man

2. Adjectives of Quantity

These show “how much” of a thing.
Examples:

He showed much patience
We have a lot of sugar in store
You have no sense
There is not any water in the tank

3. Numeral or Adjectives of Number

These show “how many” or in what order things are.
Examples:

We have many cars in showroom
There is some amount in the bank
Sunday is the last day of the week
I have five bowls

4. Demonstrative Adjectives

These adjectives point out which person or thing is meant.
Examples:

These cars are expensive
That boy has two chairs
This pen is mine
Those animals are hungry
I don’t like such thing

📌 Note: Difference between Adjective of Quantity and Number is made on the basis of uncountable and countable nouns.

5. Emphasising Adjectives

The words own and very are used to emphasise something.
Examples:

He is very good in his own job
I saw him with my own eyes
Mind your own business
That is the very thing we want

6. Exclamatory Adjectives

The word “What” is sometimes used as an exclamatory adjective.
Examples:

What a genius!
What an idea!
What a plane!

7. Interrogative Adjectives

The words what, which, and whose act as interrogative adjectives when used with nouns.

Examples:

Which option shall we adapt?
Whose pen is this?
What kind of bulb did you need?

📌 Note:

“What” is used in a general sense
“Which” is used for specific choice

📈 Degrees of Adjective

There are three degrees of adjective:
Positive, Comparative, Superlative

📌 Irregular Degrees

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Good	Better	Best
Bad	Worse	Worst
Little	Less	Least
Much	More	Most
Many	More	Most
Late	Later	Latest
In	Inner	Innermost
Up	Upper	Uppermost

📌 Regular Degrees (by adding -er, -est)

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Hard	Harder	Hardest
High	Higher	Highest
Long	Longer	Longest
Large	Larger	Largest
Brave	Braver	Bravest
Noble	Nobler	Noblest
Rich	Richer	Richest
Tall	Taller	Tallest
Fine	Finer	Finest
Happy	Happier	Happiest
Clever	Cleverer	Cleverest
Holy	Holier	Holiest
Heavy	Heavier	Heaviest
Fat	Fatter	Fattest
Hot	Hotter	Hottest
Red	Redder	Reddest
Thin	Thinner	Thinnest

📌 Degrees with “More” and “Most”

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Intelligent	More intelligent	Most intelligent
Active	More active	Most active
Careful	More careful	Most careful
Difficult	More difficult	Most difficult
Beautiful	More beautiful	Most beautiful
Proper	More proper	Most proper
Learned	More learned	Most learned

📌 Note: Always use “the” with superlative degree of adjective.
Examples:

He is the best student of the class
He is the most beautiful boy in section
You are the richest person of the city

🛠️ Formation of Adjective from Verb and Noun

Verb	Noun	Adjective
Accept	Acceptance	Acceptable
Add	Addition	Additional
Act	Action	Active
Advise	Advice	Advisable
Attract	Attraction	Attractive
Beautify	Beauty	Beautiful
Serve	Service	Serviceable
Talk	Shortage	Talkative
Approve	Approval	Approving
Believe	Belief	Believable
Collect	Collection	Collective
Clear	Clearance	Clear
Describe	Description	Describable
Protect	Protection	Protective
Practise	Practice	Practical

📝 ACTIVITIES

1. Circle the Adjectives in the Story

During Pioneers times, life was not (easy). The men worked hard at removing the tall trees from their green land to build their small log homes. They laboured from dawn until dusk to build a solid home for their families. Smart women also worked hard. They planted vegetable gardens and tended to them all summer long to make sure they would have fresh food to put on the big table. They washed dirty clothes by hand using square soap they made from small scratch. The many children helped each other. Some boys were stronger than others. Ali was the strongest among them. He was brave boy. His friend Akram was intelligent and brave boy. They milked filthy stable and fed the hungry animals. The black cows and collected the white eggs from the chicken coop. They cleaned and completed all their daily chores before walking to school. Life as a pioneer was hard, and people worked for every bit of food they ate.

2. Fill in the Blanks with Suitable Adjective

He is ________ bowler
He is an ________ man
I saw a ________ snake in the garden
He is ________ than Ali
I like ________ drink
You are ________ man, so you can buy a car
I purchased a ________ house
This is ________ building in the city
I have a ________ ring
He takes ________ steps in business

3. Find the Adjective in the Sentences

Aslam is young man
I bought white car
She has double story house
He is taller than you
He is handsome man in the office
He bought a printed copy of math practical
Talented boy can achieve the goal
She has golden long hair
He is Australian boy
He played cricket with broken leg
I saw huge ship in the sea
I got coloured copy of my degree
He is Pakistani bowler
I took fry pan
Allama Iqbal is our national poet
He has beautiful watch
I used additional sheets in the paper
Shoaib Akhtar is the fattest bowler in the world
Whose pen has stolen?

A verb is a word that expresses an action, a state, or an occurrence. It is the most important part of a sentence, as no sentence is complete without a verb.

👉 Examples:

She runs fast.
They are happy.
The baby cried loudly.

📌 Types of Verbs

Type	Description	Example
1. Action Verbs	Show physical or mental action	She writes a letter.
2. Linking Verbs	Connect the subject to a subject complement	He is a doctor.
3. Helping Verbs	Help the main verb (is, am, was, will, have, etc.)	She is going to school.
4. Transitive Verbs	Have a direct object	I bought a car.
5. Intransitive Verbs	Do not require an object	He sleeps peacefully.
6. Regular Verbs	Form past tense with –ed	Jump → Jumped
7. Irregular Verbs	Have unique past forms	Go → Went, Run → Ran

📌 Verb Forms

Verbs have five main forms:

Base (go)
Past Simple (went)
Past Participle (gone)
Present Participle (going)
Third Person Singular Present (goes)

👉 Example: Write – wrote – written – writing – writes

📌 Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs

These verbs help form tenses, negatives, questions, or voices.

Helping Verb	Use Example
is, am, are	She is going.
was, were	They were playing.
have, has	He has written a book.
had	I had eaten already.
will, shall	We will go tomorrow.
can, may, must	She can sing well.

📌 Transitive vs Intransitive Verbs

Sentence	Verb Type	Why?
He wrote a letter.	Transitive	Has an object (letter)
She laughed loudly.	Intransitive	No object
They built a house.	Transitive	“House” is the object
The child cried.	Intransitive	No object

📝 Common Mistakes with Verbs

❌ He go to school every day.
✅ He goes to school every day.

❌ I am study now.
✅ I am studying now.

❌ She didn’t wrote a letter.
✅ She didn’t write a letter.

📝 ACTIVITIES

1. Identify the verb and its type (action, linking, helping):

The baby is crying.
She looks happy.
I am watching TV.
They play football every Sunday.
He seems tired today.

2. Choose the correct verb form:

He (go/goes) to school daily.
They (was/were) playing.
I (has/have) done my homework.
She (don’t/doesn’t) like milk.
We (write/wrote) a letter yesterday.

3. Identify whether the verb is transitive or intransitive:

Ali reads a book.
The boy jumped.
She made a cake.
They arrived late.
He opened the door.

An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It usually tells us how, when, where, how often, or to what extent something happens.

👉 Examples:

She speaks softly. (modifies verb)
He is very tall. (modifies adjective)
He runs quite fast. (modifies another adverb)

📌 Types of Adverbs

Type	What it Tells Us	Example
1. Adverb of Manner	How something happens	He ran quickly.
2. Adverb of Time	When something happens	She came yesterday.
3. Adverb of Place	Where something happens	They are outside.
4. Adverb of Frequency	How often something happens	He always helps others.
5. Adverb of Degree	To what extent or how much	I completely agree.
6. Interrogative Adverbs	Ask questions	When will you come?

📌 Position of Adverbs

Adverbs usually come:

After the verb: She runs fast.
Before the adjective: He is very clever.
At the beginning: Sometimes, I read novels.
At the end: They stayed here yesterday.

📌 Adjective vs. Adverb

Word	Used As	Example Sentence
Slow	Adjective	He is a slow driver.
Slowly	Adverb	He drives slowly.
Loud	Adjective	It was a loud noise.
Loudly	Adverb	She spoke loudly.

📌 Formation of Adverbs

Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding –ly to adjectives.

Adjective	Adverb
Quick	Quickly
Slow	Slowly
Honest	Honestly
Careful	Carefully
Beautiful	Beautifully

Note: Some adverbs don’t follow this rule (e.g., well, fast, hard).

📝 Common Mistakes

❌ He runs quick.
✅ He runs quickly.

❌ She speaks good English.
✅ She speaks English well.

📝 ACTIVITIES

1. Identify the adverb and its type:

He speaks politely.
I met her yesterday.
They are playing outside.
She rarely eats meat.
I completely understand.

2. Choose the correct word:

He drives (careful/carefully).
She is a (fast/fastly) runner.
They reached the station (late/lately).
I (never/ever) go there.
He finished the work (quick/quickly).

3. Fill in the blanks with a suitable adverb:

She answered the question ______.
He will arrive ______.
The child is playing ______.
We meet ______ on weekends.
I ______ forgot my bag.

A preposition is a word used before a noun or pronoun to show its relationship with another word in the sentence. It usually tells us where, when, or how something happens.

👉 Examples:

The book is on the table.
He came after lunch.
She sat beside me.

📌 Function of Prepositions

Prepositions help us show:

Place/Position: in, on, at, under, behind
Time: before, after, during, since
Direction/Movement: into, onto, out of, toward
Cause/Reason: because of, due to
Instrument/Means: by, with, via

📌 Types of Prepositions

Type	Function	Examples
Preposition of Place	Shows position/location	in, on, under, behind, beside
Preposition of Time	Tells when something happens	at, on, in, before, after
Preposition of Direction	Shows movement	into, onto, to, toward, across
Preposition of Cause/Reason	Shows cause	due to, because of
Preposition of Instrument	Shows use of something	by, with, via

📌 Common Prepositions and Their Use

Preposition	Use Example
in	He is in the room.
on	The book is on the table.
at	She is at the door.
under	The cat is under the chair.
over	The plane flew over the city.
behind	He stood behind the curtain.
between	The park is between the schools.
with	I cut it with a knife.
by	The letter was written by Ali.
to	He went to the market.
into	She went into the room.

📌 Prepositions of Time: “At, On, In”

Preposition	Used For	Example
At	exact time	at 5 o’clock, at noon
On	days and dates	on Monday, on 14th August
In	months, years, longer time	in June, in 2024, in winter

📌 Common Prepositional Phrases

In front of – The car is in front of the house.
Next to – She sat next to me.
Out of – He came out of the shop.
Because of – He was late because of the rain.
According to – According to the teacher, the test is easy.

📝 Common Errors

❌ He is in the bus.
✅ He is on the bus.

❌ She goes at school every day.
✅ She goes to school every day.

📝 ACTIVITIES

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

The ball is ______ the box.
He will come ______ 5 p.m.
The cat is hiding ______ the table.
She walked ______ the park.
We met ______ Monday.

2. Choose the correct preposition:

He lives (in/on) Karachi.
I reached the station (at/in) time.
The boy jumped (into/onto) the pool.
We arrived (on/in) July.
The teacher stood (in front of/behind) the class.

3. Identify the prepositional phrase:

The keys are under the sofa.
She went out of the room.
The book is beside the lamp.
They sat next to each other.
I found it because of your help.

A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or sentences. It acts like a bridge that connects ideas and helps build longer, more meaningful sentences.

👉 Examples:

Ali and Ahmed are friends.
She is tired but happy.
I will come if it rains.

📌 Types of Conjunctions

Type	Function	Examples
1. Coordinating	Joins words or groups of equal rank	and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
2. Subordinating	Joins a dependent clause to a main clause	because, if, although, when, since
3. Correlative	Used in pairs to connect balanced ideas	either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also

📚 Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)

FANBOYS is a popular acronym to remember the 7 coordinating conjunctions:

F – for
A – and
N – nor
B – but
O – or
Y – yet
S – so

👉 Examples:

He is poor, but he is honest.
I was late, so I missed the bus.
You can take tea or coffee.

📚 Subordinating Conjunctions

These show a relationship of time, cause, condition, contrast, etc.

Function	Conjunctions
Time	when, while, before, after, until
Cause/Reason	because, since, as
Condition	if, unless, in case
Contrast	although, though, whereas, even though
Purpose	so that, in order that

👉 Examples:

I stayed home because it was raining.
If you study, you will pass.
He left after the meeting ended.

📚 Correlative Conjunctions

These come in pairs and balance two ideas.

Pair	Example
either…or	Either Ali or Ahmed will win.
neither…nor	Neither she nor I was invited.
not only…but also	She is not only smart but also kind.
both…and	He likes both tea and coffee.
whether…or	I don’t know whether he will come or not.

📌 Using Conjunctions in Sentences

Incorrect Sentence	Correct Sentence
I like mangoes. I like apples.	I like mangoes and apples.
He is rich. He is not happy.	He is rich but not happy.
She was tired. She worked.	She worked although she was tired.

📝 ACTIVITIES

1. Fill in the blanks with correct conjunctions:

I was sick, ______ I stayed home.
He is poor ______ honest.
You must study ______ you will fail.
She ran fast ______ she missed the bus.
______ you work hard, you will succeed.

2. Identify the conjunctions and their types:

I will come if you invite me.
She is tired but happy.
Either you go or I go.
He left when the bell rang.
I like both tea and coffee.

3. Join the following sentences using conjunctions:

He is tall. He is strong.
You may go. I may go.
She was ill. She attended school.
The boys were playing. The girls were dancing.

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a sudden emotion or feeling, such as joy, sorrow, surprise, pain, or excitement. It usually stands alone and is often followed by an exclamation mark (!).

👉 Examples:

Wow! What a beautiful view!
Alas! He is no more.
Oh no! I forgot my bag.
Hurrah! We won the match.

📌 Characteristics of Interjections

They express emotions and feelings.
They are not grammatically connected to the sentence.
Usually placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Often followed by “!” or a comma (,) if the emotion is mild.

📚 Common Interjections by Emotion

Emotion	Interjection Examples
Joy	Hurrah!, Wow!, Hooray!
Sorrow	Alas!, Oh no!, Ouch!
Surprise	Oh!, What!, Really!, Eh!
Pain	Ouch!, Ah!, Ow!
Greeting	Hello!, Hi!, Hey!
Approval	Bravo!, Well done!, Good!
Disgust	Yuck!, Ew!, Ugh!
Confusion	Huh?, Eh?, What?

📌 Use in Sentences

Hurrah! Our team has won! (joy)
Alas! I missed the flight. (sorrow)
Wow! That was amazing! (surprise)
Oh no! I broke my glasses. (shock)
Ouch! That really hurt. (pain)

📌 Mild vs Strong Interjections

Type	Example	Use of Punctuation
Strong	Hurrah! I passed the test.	Use exclamation mark (!)
Mild	Well, let’s try again.	Use comma (,)

📝 ACTIVITIES

1. Identify the interjection and its emotion:

Oh no! I lost my wallet.
Bravo! You played well.
Alas! He failed the exam.
Hey! What are you doing here?
Yuck! This smells awful.

2. Choose the correct interjection for each emotion:

(Joy) ______! We won the prize.
(Sorrow) ______! I missed the train.
(Surprise) ______! Is that really you?
(Pain) ______! My foot!
(Greeting) ______! Nice to meet you.

3. Fill in the blanks using suitable interjections:

______! The dog bit me!
______! The results are out!
______! What a shot!
______! I forgot my notebook.
______! That was unexpected.

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. They act like adjectives and are placed before nouns.

There are two types of articles in English:
1. Definite Article – the
2. Indefinite Articles – a, an

✅ Indefinite Articles: A / An

We use a and an when we talk about something for the first time or something that is not specific.

🔹 Use of “a”:

Used before words that begin with a consonant sound.

a book
a car
a university (sounds like “you-niversity”)

🔹 Use of “an”:

Used before words that begin with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).

an apple
an hour (silent “h”, sounds like “our”)
an honest man

🧠 Tip: Use sound, not spelling!

✅ Definite Article: The

We use the when we talk about a specific person, place, or thing.

🔹 Use “the” when:

The noun has already been mentioned.
I saw a dog. The dog was barking.
There is only one of something.
The sun, the sky, the earth
Talking about something specific or known.
The book on the table is mine.
With superlatives.
The best, the tallest, the most important
Before musical instruments.
He plays the piano.
With rivers, seas, oceans, deserts, mountain ranges, and groups of islands.
The Nile, the Alps, the Pacific Ocean

📌 Article Omission (No Article)

Do not use any article:

Situation	Example
Before plural general nouns	Books are useful.
Before uncountable nouns	Milk is healthy.
Before languages or subjects	She speaks Urdu and studies Math.
Before meals	We eat dinner at 8 p.m.
Before names of people	Ali is my brother.

📚 Examples Summary

Type	Example
a	a cat, a boy, a university
an	an orange, an hour, an honest girl
the	the moon, the book, the best student
No article	Water is essential. Books are helpful.

📝 Exercises

Fill in the blanks with “a”, “an”, or “the”:

I saw ___ elephant at the zoo.
She bought ___ umbrella.
He is ___ honest person.
I read ___ book you gave me.
We stayed at ___ hotel near the beach.
She wants to be ___ engineer.
I have ___ idea!
He met ___ European man.
___ sun rises in the east.
I drank ___ glass of milk.

Correct the sentences if necessary:

I saw the apple on the tree.
She wants an MBA degree.
An university is in this city.
He plays a guitar.
The water is important for life.

Tense is a form of the verb which shows the time of an action — whether the action is taking place now, in the past, or in the future.

📌 Types of Tenses

There are three main tenses, and each has four sub-forms, making a total of twelve tenses in English grammar:

Tense Type	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	I play	I am playing	I have played	I have been playing
Past	I played	I was playing	I had played	I had been playing
Future	I will play	I will be playing	I will have played	I will have been playing

🔹 PRESENT TENSES

1️⃣ Present Simple Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + V₁ (+s/es)
- Negative: Sub + do/does not + V₁
- Interrogative: Do/Does + Sub + V₁ + ?
Use:
- Daily habits, general truths, routines, facts
Examples:
- He writes a letter.
- I do not go to school.
- Does she sing a song?

2️⃣ Present Continuous Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + is/am/are + V₁ + ing
- Negative: Sub + is/am/are + not + V₁ + ing
- Interrogative: Is/Am/Are + Sub + V₁ + ing + ?
Use:
- Actions happening now, current activity
Examples:
- She is cooking food.
- I am not going to school.
- Are they playing football?

3️⃣ Present Perfect Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + has/have + V₃
- Negative: Sub + has/have not + V₃
- Interrogative: Has/Have + Sub + V₃ + ?
Use:
- Recently completed actions, experiences
Examples:
- I have done my homework.
- She has not completed her task.
- Have they won the match?

4️⃣ Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + has/have been + V₁ + ing + since/for
- Negative: Sub + has/have not been + V₁ + ing
- Interrogative: Has/Have + Sub + been + V₁ + ing + ?
Use:
- Actions that started in the past and are still continuing
Examples:
- I have been studying for two hours.
- He has not been working since morning.
- Have you been reading the book?

🔹 PAST TENSES

5️⃣ Past Simple Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + V₂
- Negative: Sub + did not + V₁
- Interrogative: Did + Sub + V₁ + ?
Use:
- Completed actions in the past
Examples:
- He went to school.
- They did not eat mangoes.
- Did you call your friend?

6️⃣ Past Continuous Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + was/were + V₁ + ing
- Negative: Sub + was/were + not + V₁ + ing
- Interrogative: Was/Were + Sub + V₁ + ing + ?
Use:
- Action happening at a specific time in the past
Examples:
- She was cooking food.
- We were not playing cricket.
- Was he watching TV?

7️⃣ Past Perfect Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + had + V₃
- Negative: Sub + had not + V₃
- Interrogative: Had + Sub + V₃ + ?
Use:
- One action completed before another past action
Examples:
- He had left before I arrived.
- I had not seen that movie.
- Had they finished the work?

8️⃣ Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + had been + V₁ + ing + since/for
- Negative: Sub + had not been + V₁ + ing
- Interrogative: Had + Sub + been + V₁ + ing + ?
Use:
- Past action that continued for some time
Examples:
- He had been working since morning.
- They had not been studying for two hours.
- Had she been reading the book?

🔹 FUTURE TENSES

9️⃣ Future Simple Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + will/shall + V₁
- Negative: Sub + will/shall not + V₁
- Interrogative: Will/Shall + Sub + V₁ + ?
Use:
- Future intentions or predictions
Examples:
- He will go to school.
- I shall not tell a lie.
- Will they attend the meeting?

🔟 Future Continuous Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + will/shall + be + V₁ + ing
- Negative: Sub + will/shall not + be + V₁ + ing
- Interrogative: Will/Shall + Sub + be + V₁ + ing + ?
Use:
- Future action in progress
Examples:
- She will be singing a song.
- I shall not be going there.
- Will they be watching a movie?

1️⃣1️⃣ Future Perfect Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + will/shall + have + V₃
- Negative: Sub + will/shall not have + V₃
- Interrogative: Will/Shall + Sub + have + V₃ + ?
Use:
- Action completed before a future time
Examples:
- He will have completed the project.
- We shall not have eaten dinner.
- Will you have written the letter?

1️⃣2️⃣ Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure:
- Affirmative: Sub + will/shall have been + V₁ + ing + since/for
- Negative: Sub + will/shall not have been + V₁ + ing
- Interrogative: Will/Shall + Sub + have been + V₁ + ing + ?
Use:
- Action continuing for a period before a time in future
Examples:
- She will have been waiting for two hours.
- They will not have been working since morning.
- Will you have been reading the novel?

🟦 Types of Sentences (With Table)

Type	Definition	Examples
Assertive/Declarative	Makes a statement or denies something	He plays cricket. He does not write a letter.
Interrogative	Asks a question	Are you playing? Who is driving the car?
Imperative	Gives command, request, or advice	Do your work. Don’t be late.
Optative	Expresses a wish, blessing, or curse	May you live long! Go to hell!
Exclamatory	Expresses strong feelings	What a lovely picture! Alas! We lost the game.

📌 Types of Interrogative Sentences

Simple Interrogative – Yes/No Questions
👉 Are you playing?
👉 Do I ride a car?
Double Interrogative – WH Questions
👉 Where did you come from?
👉 Why have you not completed your work?
Alternative Interrogative – Choices
👉 Would you like tea or coffee?

💡 Tip: All interrogative sentences end with a question mark (?)

📝 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. Identify the tense:

He had been playing cricket. → ______________
She is watching TV. → ______________
I go to school daily. → ______________
Will you come tomorrow? → ______________
They have completed the task. → ______________

2. Change the tense:

She writes a letter. (Change to future perfect)
They are reading books. (Change to past perfect)
I will eat dinner. (Change to present perfect continuous)

📊 Master Tense Table

Tense	Structure (Affirmative)	Negative	Interrogative	Example (Affirmative)
Present Simple	Sub + V₁ (+s/es)	Sub + do/does not + V₁	Do/Does + Sub + V₁ + ?	He writes a letter.
Present Continuous	Sub + is/am/are + V₁ + ing	Sub + is/am/are + not + V₁ + ing	Is/Am/Are + Sub + V₁ + ing + ?	She is cooking food.
Present Perfect	Sub + has/have + V₃	Sub + has/have + not + V₃	Has/Have + Sub + V₃ + ?	I have done my homework.
Present Perfect Continuous	Sub + has/have been + V₁ + ing + since/for	Sub + has/have not been + V₁ + ing	Has/Have + Sub + been + V₁ + ing + ?	I have been studying for two hours.
Past Simple	Sub + V₂	Sub + did not + V₁	Did + Sub + V₁ + ?	He went to school.
Past Continuous	Sub + was/were + V₁ + ing	Sub + was/were + not + V₁ + ing	Was/Were + Sub + V₁ + ing + ?	She was cooking food.
Past Perfect	Sub + had + V₃	Sub + had not + V₃	Had + Sub + V₃ + ?	He had left before I arrived.
Past Perfect Continuous	Sub + had been + V₁ + ing + since/for	Sub + had not been + V₁ + ing	Had + Sub + been + V₁ + ing + ?	He had been working since morning.
Future Simple	Sub + will/shall + V₁	Sub + will/shall not + V₁	Will/Shall + Sub + V₁ + ?	He will go to school.
Future Continuous	Sub + will/shall be + V₁ + ing	Sub + will/shall not be + V₁ + ing	Will/Shall + Sub + be + V₁ + ing + ?	She will be singing a song.
Future Perfect	Sub + will/shall have + V₃	Sub + will/shall not have + V₃	Will/Shall + Sub + have + V₃ + ?	He will have completed the project.
Future Perfect Continuous	Sub + will/shall have been + V₁ + ing + since/for	Sub + will/shall not have been + V₁ + ing	Will/Shall + Sub + have been + V₁ + ing + ?	She will have been waiting for 2 hours.

A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense, contains a subject and a predicate, and begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.), question mark (?), or exclamation mark (!).

👉 Examples:

She is playing.
Are you ready?
What a beautiful day!

📌 Structure of a Sentence

Every sentence has two parts:

Part	Description	Example
Subject	The person or thing doing the action	Ali plays cricket.
Predicate	The part that says something about the subject	Ali plays cricket.

📌 Kinds of Sentences

There are five main types of sentences based on function:

Type	Definition	Examples
1. Assertive / Declarative	Makes a statement (positive or negative)	He plays cricket. / He does not play.
2. Interrogative	Asks a question	Are you ready? / What is your name?
3. Imperative	Gives command, advice, or request	Sit down. / Please help me.
4. Optative	Expresses a wish, blessing, or curse	May you succeed! / May Allah help us!
5. Exclamatory	Expresses sudden emotions (joy, sorrow, surprise)	Hurrah! We won. / Alas! He failed.

📌 Examples of Each Type

Sentence Type	Example Sentences
Assertive	He goes to school. / She does not eat meat.
Interrogative	Do you study here? / Who called you?
Imperative	Don’t make noise. / Kindly open the door.
Optative	May you live long! / May God bless you!
Exclamatory	What a beautiful house! / Oh no! I’m late!

📌 Kinds of Interrogative Sentences

Type	Explanation	Examples
1. Yes/No Questions	Answer is either “Yes” or “No”	Are you happy? / Did he go there?
2. WH-Questions	Begin with WH-words (who, what, where, when, why, how)	What is your name? / Where are you going?
3. Alternative	Gives two or more choices	Would you like tea or coffee?
4. Tag Questions	A mini-question added at the end of a statement	You are ready, aren’t you?
5. Statement as Question	Tone or punctuation shows it’s a question	You did this? / He left already?

📌 Punctuation and Ending Marks

Sentence Type	Ends With	Example
Assertive	Full Stop (.)	He is a student.
Interrogative	Question Mark (?)	Are you coming today?
Exclamatory	Exclamation (!)	Hurrah! We won the match!
Imperative	Full Stop (.) or (!)	Please sit down. / Stop it!

📝 ACTIVITIES

1. Identify the type of each sentence:

Are you okay? → _______________
Sit on the bench. → _______________
May you get well soon. → _______________
What a surprise! → _______________
I like mangoes. → _______________

2. Convert the sentences:

He is a good boy. → (Make interrogative)
Is she writing a letter? → (Make assertive)
May Allah protect us! → (Make assertive)
Close the door. → (Make exclamatory)

Voice refers to the form of a verb that shows whether the subject performs the action (Active Voice) or receives the action (Passive Voice).

📌 Definition

Active Voice: The subject performs the action.
👉 Ali wrote a letter. (“Ali” is doing the action.)
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action.
👉 A letter was written by Ali. (“The action is done to ‘a letter’.”)

📚 Structure Comparison

Voice Type	Structure	Example
Active Voice	Subject + Verb + Object	He eats an apple.
Passive Voice	Object + Helping Verb + V₃ + by + Subject	An apple is eaten by him.

✅ When to Use Passive Voice

Use passive voice when:

The doer is unknown, obvious, or not important.
The object is more important than the subject.
You want to sound formal, polite, or impersonal.

🔄 Step-by-Step Rules for Changing Active to Passive

Identify the subject, verb, and object.
Move the object to the beginning of the sentence.
Use the correct form of “to be” based on the tense.
Use the 3rd form (past participle) of the main verb.
Add “by + subject” at the end (optional).

📗 Passive Voice by Tense

Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	He eats an apple.	An apple is eaten by him.
Present Continuous	He is eating an apple.	An apple is being eaten by him.
Present Perfect	He has eaten an apple.	An apple has been eaten by him.
Past Simple	He ate an apple.	An apple was eaten by him.
Past Continuous	He was eating an apple.	An apple was being eaten by him.
Past Perfect	He had eaten an apple.	An apple had been eaten by him.
Future Simple	He will eat an apple.	An apple will be eaten by him.
Future Perfect	He will have eaten an apple.	An apple will have been eaten by him.
Modal (Can, Should, etc.)	He can eat an apple.	An apple can be eaten by him.

⚠️ Note: Passive forms of Future Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous, and Past Perfect Continuous are rare and not commonly used.

📘 Passive Voice of Sentences with Double Objects

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Her aunt sent her a gift.	She was sent a gift by her aunt.
The teacher gave the student a test.	A test was given to the student by the teacher.

📙 Passive Voice of Imperative Sentences

Structure: Let + object + be + V₃
Negative: Let + object + not + be + V₃

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Open the door.	Let the door be opened.
Bring a book.	Let a book be brought.
Do not open the door.	Let the door not be opened.
Do not touch the table.	Let the table not be touched.
Please call the doctor.	You are requested to call the doctor.

📙 Passive Voice of Infinitive Sentences

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I want to take a pen.	I want a pen to be taken.
He wished to pass the exam.	He wished the exam to be passed.

📘 Passive Voice of WH & Let Sentences

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Who is eating the cakes?	By whom are the cakes being eaten?
Who has taken tea?	By whom has tea been taken?
When did you call me?	When was I called by you?
Why does he write a letter?	Why is a letter written by him?
Where will you play hockey?	Where will hockey be played by you?
Let me play football.	Let the football be played by me.
Let him give a chance.	Let a chance be given by him.

📘 Passive Voice of Modal Verbs (May, Can, Must, etc.)

Structure: Object + Modal + be + V₃ (+ by + subject)

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I may help you.	You may be helped by me.
They may drive a car.	A car may be driven by them.
I can help you.	You can be helped by me.
They can drive a car.	A car can be driven by them.
You must obey your parents.	Your parents must be obeyed by you.

🧠 Mixed Examples: Active ↔ Passive

Active Voice	Passive Voice
They greet me cheerfully every morning.	I am greeted cheerfully by them every morning.
You will praise her very much.	She will be praised very much by you.
The people elected him Mayor.	He was elected Mayor by the people.
We should not encourage indiscipline.	Indiscipline should not be encouraged by us.
Why do you tell a lie?	Why is a lie told by you?
I take exercise daily.	Exercise is taken by me daily.
Has someone made all the necessary arrangements?	Have all the necessary arrangements been made?
Learn this poem by heart.	Let this poem be learnt by heart.
My father will pay you tomorrow.	You will be paid by my father tomorrow.
I saw him leaving the house.	He was seen leaving the house by me.
He was driving a car when the accident occurred.	A car was being driven by him when the accident occurred.
She never understood me.	I was never understood by her.
People speak English all over the world.	English is spoken all over the world.
Why did you waste the best part of your life?	Why was the best part of your life wasted by you?
I remember my sister taking me to the museum.	I remember being taken to the museum by my sister.

📝 Activities

1. Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:

He writes a letter.
She sings a song.
They built a house.
I have eaten an apple.
She is reading a book.
He had done his homework.
We shall take the exam.
Ali will complete the task.
He can drive a car.
Does she make tea?

2. Change the following Imperative Sentences into Passive Voice:

Post the letter.
Help the old man.
Do not waste time.
Please call the doctor.
Clean the board.
Let him go.
Don’t open the door.
Complete your work.
Switch off the fan.
Obey your parents.

Direct Speech: The exact words of the speaker are quoted using inverted commas.
➤ He said, “I play hockey today.”
Indirect Speech: The essence or meaning of what someone said is reported without quoting exact words.
➤ He said that he played hockey that day.

📚 Structure of Direct Speech

Direct Speech contains two parts:

Reporting Clause: The main part that introduces the quote (e.g. He said to me,)
Reported Clause: The quoted words (e.g. “I play hockey today”)

➡️ He said to me, “I play hockey today.”
➡️ He told me that he played hockey that day.

✅ Important Rules for Changing to Indirect Speech

🔹 1. Change of Pronouns (Use the SON Formula)

Pronoun in Reported Speech	Change According to
S – Subject	Subject of Reporting Clause
O – Object	Object of Reporting Clause
N – No Change	Universal truths or unchanged subject

Examples:

He said, “I am happy.” → He said that he was happy.
She said to me, “You are late.” → She told me that I was late.

🔹 2. Change of Time & Place Words

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
this	that
these	those
here	there
now	then
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day
yesterday	the previous day
tonight	that night

🔹 3. Change of Tenses

If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then change the verb in the reported speech accordingly.

Direct Speech (Tense)	Indirect Speech (Tense)
Present Simple →	Past Simple
Present Continuous →	Past Continuous
Present Perfect →	Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous →	Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple →	Past Perfect
Past Continuous →	Past Perfect Continuous
Will / Shall →	Would
Can →	Could
May →	Might
Past Perfect & Past Perfect Continuous	No Change

✅ Note: No tense change if reporting verb is in present or future.
E.g., He says, “I am happy.” → He says that he is happy.

📘 Types of Sentences in Reported Speech

✅ A. Assertive Sentences

Use “that” as a conjunction.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said, “I am ill today.”	He said that he was ill that day.
You said, “He plays cricket.”	You said that he played cricket.
I said, “You have played hockey now.”	I said that you had played hockey then.
We said, “You will help her.”	We said that they would help her.

✅ B. Interrogative Sentences

Change said to asked or inquired.
Use if/whether for yes-no questions.
For WH-questions, use the WH-word directly.

🔹 Yes/No Questions

Direct	Indirect
He said to me, “Are you making tea?”	He asked me if I was making tea.
She said, “Have I cooked food today?”	She asked if she had cooked food that day.

🔹 WH-Questions

Direct	Indirect
He said, “Where are you going?”	He asked where I was going.
They said, “Why has Ali played?”	They asked why Ali had played.

✅ C. Imperative Sentences

Use to + verb
Use requested, ordered, advised, or forbade

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said to me, “Get out.”	He ordered me to get out.
I said, “Please give me your book.”	I requested him to give me his book.
He said, “Do not go in the sun.”	He forbade me to go in the sun.
He said, “Help the poor.”	He advised me to help the poor.

✅ D. Optative Sentences

Change said to prayed or wished, use “that”.

Direct	Indirect
He said, “May you live long.”	He prayed that I might live long.
She said, “Would that I were rich!”	She wished that she had been rich.

✅ E. Exclamatory Sentences

Change said to exclaimed with joy/sorrow, remove interjections.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said, “Hurrah! I have passed.”	He exclaimed with joy that he had passed.
She said, “Alas! He is losing.”	She exclaimed with sorrow that he was losing.

✅ F. Let Sentences

Change “Let us” to proposed that… should.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said, “Let us go for a walk.”	He proposed that they should go for a walk.

✅ G. Universal Truths

If the reported clause is a universal truth, no change is made in tense.

Direct	Indirect
He said, “God is one.”	He said that God is one.
She said, “The Earth revolves around the sun.”	She said that the Earth revolves around the sun.

📝 Exercises

Convert into Indirect Speech:

You said, “My father has gone to Lahore.”
She said, “I am cleaning this room.”
Tariq said, “I clean my teeth every day.”
He said, “May God bless you.”
She said, “Would that I were successful.”
He said to me, “Get out.”
She said, “Alas! He is losing.”
The doctor said, “How are you now?”
He said, “Have you broken my chair?”
Father said to me, “Where is your mother?”

Punctuation marks are symbols that help readers understand the meaning and structure of sentences. Proper punctuation makes writing clear and easy to follow.

📌 Common Punctuation Marks

Symbol	Name	Use
.	Full Stop (Period)	Used to end a statement.
,	Comma	Used to separate items, phrases, or clauses.
?	Question Mark	Used at the end of a direct question.
!	Exclamation Mark	Shows strong feelings like surprise or excitement.
:	Colon	Used before a list or explanation.
;	Semicolon	Connects two related independent clauses.
‘	Apostrophe	Shows possession or forms contractions.
” “	Quotation Marks	Used for direct speech or quotes.
–	Hyphen	Connects words (e.g., well-known).
()	Parentheses	Adds extra or explanatory information.

📗 Detailed Rules with Examples

✅ 1. Full Stop (.)

Used to end a declarative or imperative sentence.

She is reading a book.
Close the door.

✅ 2. Comma (,)

Used to:

Separate items in a list
Ali bought apples, bananas, oranges, and grapes.
After introductory words
Yes, I will come.
To separate clauses
When I arrived, they were sleeping.
With direct address
Ali, come here.

✅ 3. Question Mark (?)

Used at the end of a direct question.

Where are you going?
Did you call your friend?

❌ Don’t use it after indirect questions.
✅ He asked where I was going.

✅ 4. Exclamation Mark (!)

Used to express strong feelings like joy, anger, or surprise.

Hurrah! We won the match.
What a beautiful painting!

✅ 5. Apostrophe (’)

To show possession
Ali’s book, girls’ school
To form contractions
It’s raining. (It is)
Don’t go. (Do not)

✅ 6. Quotation Marks (” “)

Used for direct speech or quotations.

He said, “I am coming.”
“Honesty is the best policy,” said the teacher.

✅ 7. Colon (:)

Used:

Before a list
I need: books, pencils, and a ruler.
Before an explanation
He succeeded: he worked hard.

✅ 8. Semicolon (;)

Used to connect two related sentences without using a conjunction.

I was tired; I went to bed early.

✅ 9. Hyphen (-)

Used to join two words to make a compound word.

Well-known, hard-working, part-time

✅ 10. Parentheses ( )

Used to add extra information or clarification.

My friend (who lives in Lahore) is visiting today.

📘 Practice Exercise

Punctuate the following sentences correctly:

where do you live
✅ Where do you live?
he is honest
✅ He is honest.
wow what a car
✅ Wow! What a car!
she said i am tired
✅ She said, “I am tired.”
no i cannot go
✅ No, I cannot go.
ali book is on the table
✅ Ali’s book is on the table.
its raining
✅ It’s raining.
i need pen pencil eraser and sharpener
✅ I need a pen, pencil, eraser, and sharpener.
do you know who said honesty is the best policy
✅ Do you know who said, “Honesty is the best policy”?
my teacher who is very kind helped me
✅ My teacher, who is very kind, helped me.

📝 Activity for Students

Task: Correct the punctuation in these lines:

she shouted go away
my sister is intelligent hardworking and honest
oh no i lost my keys
ali said i will return soon
its not your fault
when will they come
dont speak loudly
im going to lahore tomorrow
yes you may go
hurrah we won the game

An essay is a short piece of writing on a particular subject. It expresses the writer’s ideas, views, or knowledge about the topic in an organized and structured way. A good essay helps the reader understand the writer’s thoughts clearly.

📌 Parts of an Essay

A well-structured essay has three main parts:

🔹 1. Introduction

Introduces the topic
Gives a brief background
Defines key terms or issues
Should be clear and engaging

🔹 2. Body

Main part of the essay
Contains several paragraphs
Each paragraph covers a specific point or idea
Use facts, examples, reasons, and arguments

🔹 3. Conclusion

Summarizes the main points
Restates the thesis or opinion
Leaves a strong final impression
Avoid introducing new ideas here

📌 Features of a Good Essay

Clarity and simplicity of language
Logical arrangement of ideas
Relevance to the topic
No repetition or unnecessary details
Proper grammar and punctuation
Focused introduction and conclusion
Use of connectors and transitions

📚 Common Essay Topics for Students

Social Topics	National Topics	Moral/Personal Topics
My School	Quaid-e-Azam	Honesty is the Best Policy
My Best Friend	Allama Iqbal	A Visit to a Hill Station
Pollution	Independence Day	My Aim in Life
Importance of Education	My Country	A Journey by Train
Uses of Internet	Pakistan Day	Patriotism

📌 Common Essay Starters

“Education is the backbone of a nation…”
“Quaid-e-Azam was a great leader who gave us Pakistan…”
“A friend in need is a friend indeed…”
“The Internet has changed the world into a global village…”
“Honesty is always the best policy in life…”

✍️ Sample Short Essay: My School

My school is one of the best schools in the city. It has a big building, well-furnished classrooms, and a large playground. The teachers are kind, cooperative, and hardworking.

My school focuses on discipline, education, and extracurricular activities. It starts at 8 a.m. and ends at 1 p.m. We wear a neat and clean uniform. I love my school very much and feel proud to be a student here.

✍️ Sample Short Essay: Quaid-e-Azam

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan. He was born on 25th December 1876 in Karachi. He was a lawyer by profession and a great leader.

Through his hard work, honesty, and determination, he gave Muslims a separate homeland. He died on 11th September 1948. He is called the Father of the Nation. We should follow his principles to make Pakistan a better country.

📝 Activities

1. Write short essays (100–150 words) on the following topics:

My School
Quaid-e-Azam
Pollution
My Best Friend
Uses of Internet

2. Choose one and expand it into a detailed essay (250–300 words):

My Aim in Life
Allama Iqbal
Patriotism
Importance of Education
Independence Day

✅ Conclusion

Essay writing is an important skill for every student. It teaches how to organize thoughts, communicate ideas, and develop arguments in a proper format. With regular practice, you can master essay writing and score better in exams and interviews.

Story writing is the art of narrating events or experiences in a sequence that interests, teaches, or entertains the reader. A story usually includes characters, conflict, a plot, and a moral lesson.

📌 Features of a Good Story

Clear beginning, middle, and end
Interesting characters
A clear plot or sequence of events
A moral lesson at the end
Simple and clear language
Use of dialogue and imagination where needed

📚 Common Moral Stories for Students

Story Title	Moral
A Greedy Dog	Greed is a curse
The Honest Woodcutter	Honesty is the best policy
The Fox and the Grapes	Grapes are sour
Union is Strength	Unity is strength
Slow and Steady Wins the Race	Consistency leads to success
The Lion and the Mouse	No one is too small to help
The Thirsty Crow	Necessity is the mother of invention
A Friend in Need is a Friend Indeed	A true friend helps in hard times
The Farmer and His Sons	Hard work brings rewards
The Ant and the Grasshopper	Save today, enjoy tomorrow

📌 Format of Story Writing

🔹 Title

e.g., The Honest Woodcutter

🔹 Introduction

Brief setting and introduction of characters

🔹 Plot

The main events of the story

🔹 Climax

Turning point or the most exciting moment

🔹 Conclusion

How the story ends

🔹 Moral

The lesson learned from the story

📌 Useful Vocabulary for Stories

Once upon a time…
One day…
Suddenly…
Fortunately / Unfortunately…
At last…
In the end…

📝 Sample Story Outline

✍️ The Greedy Dog

Once upon a time, there was a hungry dog. He found a piece of meat and was crossing a bridge over a stream. He saw his reflection in the water and thought it was another dog with a bigger piece. He barked to snatch it, but dropped his own meat into the water and lost it.

Moral: Greed is a curse.

📝 Activities

1. Complete the following stories in your own words:

The Thirsty Crow
The Honest Woodcutter
The Farmer and His Sons
The Fox and the Grapes
Union is Strength

2. Write your own story using the format above:

Create your own title and characters
Make sure your story has a beginning, middle, and end
Include at least three characters
Present a problem and how it was solved
End with a clear moral

✅ Conclusion

Story writing develops creativity, imagination, and moral thinking. By practicing stories, students improve their language skills and learn important life lessons through interesting and meaningful narratives.

A letter is a written form of communication between two people or parties. It is used to share information, ideas, feelings, requests, or instructions.

📌 Types of Letters

There are two main types of letters:

🔹 1. Informal Letters

Personal and friendly in tone
Written to friends, family, or relatives
Used for sharing news, feelings, or invitations

🔹 2. Formal Letters

Polite, respectful, and professional
Written to officials, teachers, principals, editors, etc.
Used for applications, complaints, requests, and official matters

📌 Format of an Informal Letter

[Your Address]
[Date]

Dear [Name],

Paragraph 1 – Introduction
Paragraph 2 – Main Content
Paragraph 3 – Conclusion

With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
[Your Name]

📌 Format of a Formal Letter

📚 Examples of Informal Letters

Topic	Recipient
Letter to your friend about your new school	Friend
Letter to your brother about importance of reading	Brother
Letter to your cousin describing summer vacation	Cousin
Letter to your uncle thanking him for a gift	Uncle
Letter to your friend inviting him to a function	Friend

📚 Examples of Formal Letters

Purpose	Recipient
Requesting fee concession	Principal
Application for sick leave	Principal
Complaint about broken desks	Headmaster
Letter to newspaper editor about pollution	Editor
Requesting certificate	School Office

📌 Useful Phrases for Letters

🔹 Informal Phrases:

How are you?
I hope this letter finds you in the best of health.
I’m writing to tell you…
Please write soon.

🔹 Formal Phrases:

I am writing to request…
With due respect, I beg to state…
I shall be very thankful to you…
Kindly look into this matter…

📝 Activities

1. Write an Informal Letter:

To your friend describing a school function
To your brother telling him about your board exams
To your cousin inviting him for Eid holidays
To your uncle thanking him for a birthday gift
To your best friend about importance of sports

2. Write a Formal Letter/Application:

To the principal for leave due to illness
To the editor of a newspaper about traffic problems
To the headmaster requesting extra classes for weak students
To the school office to issue your character certificate
To the principal asking permission to organize a debate competition

✅ Conclusion

Letter writing helps students express thoughts clearly and communicate respectfully. It is an important skill that improves both personal and official communication. Practice regularly to master both formal and informal letter formats.

A dialogue is a written conversation between two or more people. It is used to present an exchange of ideas, thoughts, or information in a natural and engaging way. In English grammar, dialogue writing is important for developing communication skills and learning how real conversations happen.

Dialogue writing requires imagination and an understanding of the topic and speakers. The tone of the dialogue must suit the characters — whether they are friends, teachers and students, doctors and patients, or shopkeepers and customers.

Each speaker’s name is written before their line, and no quotation marks are used.

📌 Features of a Good Dialogue ✅

🎯 Sounds natural and realistic
👥 Matches the tone and role of each speaker
🗣️ Uses simple and clear language
🚫 Avoids long speeches
🔁 Presents the situation or topic logically
✏️ Each line starts with the speaker’s name and a colon

📌 Format of Dialogue Writing 🧾

Begin a new line for each speaker
Use the speaker’s name followed by a colon
Do not use quotation marks

Example:

Ali: Hello Bilal! How are you?
Bilal: I’m fine. What about you?
Ali: I’m good too. Did you enjoy the summer holidays?
Bilal: Yes! I visited Murree with my family.

📚 Examples of Common Dialogue Topics 💬

Topic
Between two friends about summer holidays
Between a doctor and a patient
Between a teacher and a student on the importance of discipline
Between a shopkeeper and a customer
Between two students discussing a book
Between a police officer and a citizen reporting a theft
Between a passenger and a ticket clerk
Between two friends discussing online classes
Between a father and son about career planning
Between two students preparing for exams

💡 Useful Phrases for Dialogue Writing

Hello! How are you?
I hope you’re doing well.
That’s a good idea.
I completely agree.
Let me think about it.
Thank you for your help.
What do you suggest?
Can I ask you something?

📝 Activity 🎯

Write a short dialogue on any one of the following topics:

🏃 A dialogue between two friends about the benefits of exercise
🎓 A dialogue between a student and the principal asking for a fee concession
📚 A dialogue between a shopkeeper and customer about buying school books
⏰ A dialogue between a teacher and student on the importance of punctuality
📱 A dialogue between two friends about social media use

✅ Conclusion

Dialogue writing improves a student’s communication, imagination, and fluency. It allows learners to write real-life conversations that are engaging, logical, and educational. Practice often and use different tones, situations, and characters to develop your skills.

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop a single idea. It begins with a topic sentence and is followed by supporting details and a concluding sentence. Paragraph writing helps students express their thoughts in a clear, organized, and effective way.

Each paragraph must focus on one topic only, and the sentences must follow a logical flow.

📌 Features of a Good Paragraph ✅

🔹 Starts with a clear topic sentence
🔹 Contains 5 to 8 well-connected sentences
🔹 Follows a logical order
🔹 Uses simple and grammatically correct language
🔹 Ends with a strong conclusion
🔹 Avoids repetition and off-topic sentences

📌 Structure of a Paragraph 🧱

Part	Purpose
Topic Sentence	Introduces the main idea of the paragraph
Supporting Sentences	Give facts, examples, reasons, or details
Concluding Sentence	Summarizes the main point or adds a final thought

📚 Common Paragraph Topics for Students 💡

Social / Personal	School / Academic	Moral / National
My Hobby	My School	Patriotism
A Visit to a Zoo	A School Function	Importance of Education
My Best Friend	My Class Teacher	Quaid-e-Azam
A Rainy Day	Examination Hall	Allama Iqbal
A Journey by Train	Importance of Discipline	Cleanliness

✍️ Sample Paragraph: My Hobby 🎨

Everyone has a hobby that they enjoy in their free time. My hobby is gardening. I love planting flowers and vegetables in my small garden. Every morning, I water the plants and remove weeds. Watching the flowers bloom gives me great joy. Gardening teaches me patience, care, and love for nature. It is a healthy and peaceful activity. I feel relaxed whenever I spend time in my garden.

✍️ Sample Paragraph: A Rainy Day 🌧️

A rainy day is always a pleasant break from the heat. Last Monday, it rained heavily in the morning. The weather became cool and fresh. Water filled the streets and children played in puddles. Birds were chirping and the trees looked clean. I enjoyed hot tea and pakoras at home. A rainy day brings joy and beauty to life. It was one of the most enjoyable days.

📝 Activities 🎯

1. Write a paragraph (7–10 sentences) on the following topics:

My Favorite Subject
Importance of Time
The Internet
My School
Pollution

2. Complete these topic sentences to build a full paragraph:

Books are our best friends because…
Discipline is important in life because…
Mobile phones are useful, but…
Clean surroundings lead to…
Time once lost…

✅ Conclusion

Paragraph writing helps you organize your thoughts and express them clearly. It builds the foundation for writing essays, letters, and articles. With regular practice, you can learn to write paragraphs that are informative, interesting, and impressive.

Comprehension means understanding what you read. In exams and English practice, a comprehension passage is a short paragraph followed by questions. The goal is to test your ability to read, understand, and answer correctly.

Comprehension skills are important for improving reading, vocabulary, grammar, and critical thinking.

📌 Tips for Solving a Comprehension Passage ✅

👀 Read the passage carefully and calmly
✏️ Underline important words or points
❓ Read the questions before answering
🔍 Look for answers in the passage
🧠 Use your own words if needed but stay close to the text
🚫 Avoid adding information not given in the passage

📌 Types of Comprehension Questions 🧠

Type	What it Tests
Literal	Direct facts from the passage
Inferential	Meaning beyond what’s written
Vocabulary-Based	Synonyms, antonyms, or word meanings
Grammatical / Structure	Tense, voice, parts of speech
Summarizing / Title	Understanding of the main idea

✍️ Sample Comprehension Passage

Read the passage and answer the questions below:

The sun is the main source of energy for life on Earth. It gives light and heat. Plants use sunlight to make food through a process called photosynthesis. Without the sun, life would not be possible. Solar energy is also used in homes to produce electricity. It is a renewable source of energy and is very useful.

📝 Questions:

1. What is the main source of energy for life on Earth?
2. What do plants use sunlight for?
3. What is photosynthesis?
4. How is solar energy useful in homes?
5. Why is the sun important for life?

📌 Vocabulary Practice 🧩

Find the meanings or synonyms of the following words from the passage:

Source
Process
Renewable
Useful

📝 Activities 🎯

1. Practice Passages:

Write questions and answers for the following passages:

Passage about a school picnic
Passage on importance of health
Passage about the life of Quaid-e-Azam
Passage on pollution
Passage about Allama Iqbal

2. Create Your Own:

Write a short passage (5–6 lines) on any topic.
Make 3–5 questions from your passage.
Ask a classmate or friend to solve it.

✅ Conclusion

Comprehension helps students become better readers, thinkers, and writers. By practicing regularly, you can easily learn how to find answers, expand vocabulary, and understand difficult texts with confidence.

Translation is the process of changing words or sentences from one language into another while keeping the original meaning. In English grammar, we often translate from Urdu to English to improve writing, speaking, and understanding.

Translation helps students:

✏️ Improve vocabulary
🧠 Understand sentence structure
🗣️ Communicate thoughts in both languages
🔄 Connect grammar concepts practically

📌 Types of Sentences for Translation 🧾

Type of Sentence	Example in Urdu	Translation in English
Simple Present	وہ سکول جاتا ہے۔	He goes to school.
Present Continuous	وہ کھیل رہا ہے۔	He is playing.
Simple Past	میں نے کتاب پڑھی۔	I read the book.
Future Simple	ہم کل جائیں گے۔	We will go tomorrow.
Imperative (Command)	دروازہ بند کرو۔	Close the door.
Negative Sentence	وہ سچ نہیں بولتا۔	He does not tell the truth.
Interrogative Sentence	کیا تم سکول جا رہے ہو؟	Are you going to school?

📌 Translation Rules and Tips ✅

🔹 Understand the tense of the sentence
🔹 Identify the subject, verb, and object
🔹 Keep the meaning same, not word-by-word
🔹 Use correct grammar and structure
🔹 Pay attention to articles, helping verbs, and word order

📚 Common Urdu to English Vocabulary 📖

Urdu Word	English Word
کتاب	Book
دروازہ	Door
لڑکا	Boy
سچ	Truth
کھانا	Food / Meal
جا رہا ہے	Is going
کر رہا ہے	Is doing
آیا	Came
تم	You
ہم	We

✍️ Sample Sentences for Practice 📝

Translate into English:

میں روزانہ اسکول جاتا ہوں۔
وہ ایک کتاب پڑھ رہا ہے۔
علی نے ہمیں خط لکھا۔
وہ کل لاہور جائے گا۔
دروازہ بند کرو۔
کیا تم کرکٹ کھیلتے ہو؟
وہ سچ نہیں بولتا۔
ہم نے فلم دیکھی۔
تم کیا چاہتے ہو؟
برائے مہربانی میری مدد کریں۔

📝 Activities 🎯

1. Translate these Urdu sentences into English:

وہ روزانہ نماز پڑھتا ہے۔
میں تم سے ملنے آ رہا ہوں۔
ہمیں وقت کی قدر کرنی چاہیے۔
کیا تم مجھے جانتے ہو؟
بچوں کو سکول جانا چاہیے۔

2. Translate into Urdu:

The sun rises in the east.
I was playing football.
She is not at home.
We will meet tomorrow.
Please speak the truth.

✅ Conclusion

Translation sharpens grammar skills and improves confidence in both English and Urdu. It teaches students to convert ideas clearly from one language to another — a vital skill for academic success and communication.

Vocabulary refers to the collection of words known and used by a person in a language. The more words you know, the better you can read, write, speak, and understand English.

A strong vocabulary:

🧠 Boosts confidence in speaking and writing
📖 Improves reading comprehension
✍️ Enhances essay, paragraph, and letter writing
🗣️ Helps in interviews and oral exams

📌 Types of Vocabulary Words 🧾

Type	Example	Usage
Nouns	Book, Student, Apple	He is reading a book.
Verbs	Eat, Go, Play	They play cricket every day.
Adjectives	Beautiful, Tall, Quick	She is a beautiful girl.
Adverbs	Quickly, Slowly	He runs quickly.
Prepositions	In, On, Under	The bag is on the table.
Pronouns	He, She, They	She is my sister.

📚 Common Urdu to English Vocabulary 🗣️

Urdu Word	English Word
کتاب	Book
درخت	Tree
کھڑکی	Window
دوست	Friend
محنتی	Hardworking
خوبصورت	Beautiful
ایماندار	Honest
استاد	Teacher
طالب علم	Student
پانی	Water

📌 Vocabulary by Theme 🔍

💼 School & Education

Urdu	English
سبق	Lesson
امتحان	Exam
کلاس	Class
قلم	Pen
پینسل	Pencil

🏠 Home & Family

Urdu	English
ماں	Mother
والد	Father
بھائی	Brother
بہن	Sister
گھر	House

🌳 Nature & Environment

Urdu	English
دریا	River
پہاڑ	Mountain
بارش	Rain
سورج	Sun
چاند	Moon

📝 Activities 🎯

1. Write the English meanings of the following Urdu words:

سچ
خوبصورت
محنتی
پرندہ
استاد
ہسپتال
دروازہ
بارش
سایہ
بچہ

2. Translate into Urdu:

Honesty
Freedom
Country
School
Nature
Cleanliness
Respect
Friendship
Time
Health

3. Use these words in your own English sentences:

Book
Friend
Tree
Honest
Student
Rain

✅ Conclusion

Building a strong vocabulary is essential for mastering English. Students should learn new words daily, use them in sentences, and revise regularly. Reading books, watching English shows, and keeping a vocabulary notebook are great ways to improve word power.

This chapter includes important grammar exercises to help students review what they have learned in previous chapters. These activities will enhance understanding of tenses, sentence structure, parts of speech, voice, narration, punctuation, vocabulary, and more.

Students should attempt each section independently, then check their work with a teacher, parent, or classmate to identify and correct any mistakes.

📌 Section A: Parts of Speech

Instructions: Identify the part of speech of the underlined word.

Ali is brave.
She quickly ran to the shop.
He wrote a letter.
The cat sat under the table.
Wow! That is amazing.

📌 Section B: Tenses

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

She usually ______ (go) to school by bus.
I ______ (read) a book when he called me.
They ______ (complete) their work before sunset.
He ______ (play) cricket tomorrow.
We ______ (live) here for five years.

📌 Section C: Active and Passive Voice

Instructions: Change the following sentences into passive voice.

He writes a letter.
They are playing football.
She sang a song.
The boy has broken the window.
Will he complete the work?

Extra Practice (Advanced):

Open the door.
Don’t touch the table.
They will have finished the report.
Can he drive a car?
The teacher gave him a prize.

📌 Section D: Direct and Indirect Speech

Instructions: Change the following into indirect speech.

He said, “I am happy.”
She said, “I will help you.”
He said, “Do you speak English?”
She said, “Don’t waste your time.”
The teacher said, “Be punctual.”

Extra Practice:

He said, “Have you done your homework?”
She said, “May you live long!”
They said, “Let’s go to the park.”
He said, “Would that I were a king!”

📌 Section E: Punctuation

Instructions: Rewrite each sentence with correct punctuation and capital letters.

where do you live
he is honest
wow what a car
she said i am tired
no i cannot go

📌 Section F: Vocabulary

Instructions: Write the English meanings of the following Urdu words.

سچ
خوبصورت
دوست
محنتی
بہادر

Bonus: Use any two of the above words in your own sentences.

📌 Section G: Sentence Correction

Instructions: Find and correct the grammatical mistake in each sentence.

He go to school every day.
She don’t like tea.
I am write a letter.
The boys is playing.
They has finished the work.

📌 Section H: Essay / Paragraph / Letter

Choose one of the following and write it in your notebook:

Essay Topics (100–150 words):

My Country
Pollution

Paragraph Topics (8–10 lines):

Discipline
Morning Walk

Letter:

Write a letter to your friend inviting him for Eid holidays.

📌 Section I: Advanced Grammar & Structure Practice

1. Identify the Sentence Type:

Mark each sentence as Simple, Compound, or Complex.

The girl smiled.
He was tired, so he went to sleep.
I stayed home because it was raining.

2. Gerund or Participle?

Identify whether the bold word is a gerund or a participle.

Swimming is a good exercise.
He is swimming in the pool.

3. Complete with Connectors:

Use “as soon as,” “if,” “when,” or “until.”

I will call you ______ I reach home.
Don’t move ______ the bell rings.

4. Phrase and Clause Recognition:

Identify the phrase or clause type.

To read books is fun.
I went out when the rain stopped.

✅ Tip for Teachers:
Use this revision as a mock exam or weekly practice test to reinforce key grammar topics.